Leadership in Ancient Russia an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Leadership in Ancient Russia Serge Zenkovsky's (1963) Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales contains the writings of many Russian scholars during the Middle Ages. From the year 1040 until 1118, Russian scholars wrote "a very complicated work... in the course of some three-quarters of a century" (Zenkovsky, 1963, p.43). Starting with the birth of Russia, the 'Chronicles' begins in 852 that, in the Byzan and Russian calendars, land on 6360 (p.43), then it reveals significant people, events, rules, trends, and doctrines that reflect the nature of the land and its people. One of these contains how leadership was perceived and regarded. Need essay sample on "Leadership in Ancient Russia" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Early Russian beliefs and culture, during the High Middle Ages, reflect that leadership contains the responsibilities that revolve around the following: first is the responsibility to rule his kinfolk; second is the responsibility to rule his land; third and final is the responsibility to rule and conquering other lands. Leadership carried with it the highest degree of honor, even from the ruling emperor: "He (Kii) was then the chief of his kin, and it is related what great honor he received from the emperor when he went to visit him" (Zenkovsky, 1963, p.48). Leaders were 'pillars' that stand on highest grounds. In the 'Primary Chronicles', it is depicted how leaders of ancient Russia carried with them the responsibility of ruling over his kinfolk: "The Polinians lived apart and governed their families, for thus far they were brethren, and each one lived with his gens on his own lands, ruling over his kinfolk" (Zenkovsky, 1963, p.48). However, what is most distinctive is that this state of the privilege-to power and authority-can also be the source of war, death, and even crime. This is seen in certain events when the recent ruler dies, and he leaves behind a number of sons who are all capable of ruling the land, as in the case of Vladimir: "After the death of Vladimir, a fratricidal struggle broke out among his sons. The eldest, Sviatopolk, seized power and began plotting the elimination of his brothers, Boris, Gleb, and Yaroslav" (p.101). This happened despite Vladimir's "moral and political instruction for his children... who are supposed to care for their own souls as well as for the wel fare of their subjects and people around them" (p.93). With Christianity revolving around the land, good leaders were depicted as those who can be described as good Christians and noble citizens. A good leader was supposed to have a good and righteous soul. For this reason, Sts. Antonius and Theodosius were depicted as "remarkable religious leaders" (p.105). In the 'Igor Tale', it is also depicted how leaders of ancient Russia carried with them the responsibility of ruling over their entire land: Prince Igor (1151-1202), one of the leaders of Russian political and military activities of that region, began his campaign in 1185 to drive out these nomadic invaders who, every year, would raid Russian territories, burn the cities, and take the inhabitants as slaves. Relying only on his own military forces and those of his relatives... (p.167) Vladimir, in the 'Primary Chronicles', was also said to have ruled the entire land: Vladimir Monomakh, grandson of Yaroslav the Wise, came to power and succeeded in assuming leadership among the princes. He maintained order and peace for several years, and during his reign of the Golden Age, which had been initiated by Yaroslav the Wise, reached its height. The feudal wars ceased and the united forces of the Russian princes were able to contain the Kumans... (p.93) This gives the conclusion that early Russian leaders in the Middle Ages should have the urge, the strength, and the inclination to push further the limits of his land and his people. He should be capable of maintaining peace and order within the community, for if not, it will lead to the land's destruction, as in the case of Riazan (p.198). If not dealt with accordingly, people will search for good leaders around the area, as with the Slavs in 862 (p.49). Finally, in the 'Primary Chronicles', it is also depicted how leaders in ancient Russia were viewed as powerful chosen who carry the duty of ruling and conquering other lands: Leaving Igor in Kiev, Prince Oleg attacked the Greeks ... With this entire force, Oleg sallied forth by horse and by ship, and the number of his vessels was two thousand. He arrived before Constantinople, ... disembarked upon the shore, and ordered his soldiery to beach the ships ... When the Greeks beheld this, they were afraid, and, sending messengers to Oleg, they implored him not to destroy the city... (pp.51-52) What is most distinctive, however, is that the primary reason on why Russian leaders of the High Middle Ages end up conquering other lands, is to acknowledge additional tributes, such as in the case like Prince Oleg's attack to Greece: "So Oleg demanded that they pay tribute for his two thousand ships at the rate of twelve grivnas per man, with forty men reckoned to a ship" (p.52). There was also the proposition of additional tributes, such as the law to give visiting Russians "as much grain as they require" (p.52). Apart from being good Christians and noble citizens, and carrying the capability of maintaining peace and order within the land, leaders in ancient Russia were also depicted to be politically wise, clever, and aggressive. They should have the right arm and the mind of knowing how to feed his people. The concept of leadership in the High Middle Ages of ancient Russia revolves around the power to rule his kinfolk, his land, and other lands. Leadership was a synonym to power and might, so that it could sometimes lead to war, death, and crime. Being the strong pillars of their cities, they should urge the people that they are, indeed, capable of governing the land-all worthy to be saluted with honor, respect, salute, fear, and praise. With the kinfolk having to choose the leader that, they believe, should rule them, early Russians were actually believers in freedom, democracy, and the privilege to select as they desire. Seizing power, richness, fame, wealth, and honor is acceptable. The power rests on the ability to facilitate. Reference Zenkovsky, S. (1963). Medieval Russia's Epics, Chronicles, and Tales. New York, NY: Penguin.

buy custom The Term Globalization essay

buy custom The Term Globalization essay Globalization is intrinsically undemocratic because of the processes of decision-making on social and economic policy issues no longer lie within the control of national governments but with the goodwill of transitional organizations The term globalization has been broadly used since early 1990s though it has gradually developed since World War (II). Although there various ways of defining globalization, the concept can simply be described as process through which countries, individuals and people are increasingly getting linked and interdependent through amplified exchange of information (communication) and economic integration, travel and diffusion of culture (particularly Western culture) (Brahm, 2005).This essay will give a detailed overview of controversy surrounding how globalization has resulted to undemocratic actions among nations in respect to important social and economic policies decision-making process. The essay will do this by discussing how various kinds of globalization impact on decisions made by various countries other than looking at the role of transitional organizations in formulation of key social and political policies. Due to the increased interconnectedness between several global aspects, it is believed that the role of individual government to make their own decisions is being overtaken by various influential international organizations and global economic leaders (Labonte Torgerson, 2005). Accordingly globalization is basically undemocratic due to the fact that decision making on economic policy and social issues is no longer in the hands of national authorities but rests within the benevolence of transitional organizations. Morgan (1992) defines democracy as a form of rule where absolute power vested among people and practiced by them either indirectly or directly via a structure of representation that normally entails free elections, periodically. In other words, a democratic society is such that there is respect and social equality among individuals in a community. Morgan (1992) asserts that on the other hand, undemocratic society is that one which does not conform to democratic ideals and principles or social equity. It entails the process of decision making process left in the hand of few influential figures. Brahm (2005) asserts that the process of globalization is largely seen as involving four kinds of change. First of all, globalization entails stretching of economic, social and political undertakings across regions, continents and frontiers. Secondly, the process is evident by the intensification of flows and interconnectedness of investment, migration, finance, culture among others. The third aspect is hastening global processes and interactions. Lastly the mounting velocity, extensity and intensity of global interactions may be linked to the intensifying impact so that distant events effects can be highly significant at some other place hence bringing about substantial global consequences. Consequently, the borders between domestic affairs and global matters become progressively more fluid. This is one of the major reasons that have made the process undemocratic, contrary to the expectations of many. There are many individuals rejecting the opinion that the world has entered an essentially new era. They include environmental groups, labor unions and economic nationalists who persistently warn that some elements of globalization such as free market might send more job overseas than it generates domestically (Tonelson, 2003). However there are still many who still feel that globalization is a genuine streamlining of social organization. This is because they site proof that human activity is now intercontinental or interregional in scale. Even though globalization process is historically rooted and long it is not teleological and not devoid of fits starts. This implies that globalization is not a natural phenomena and it is an ongoing course (Brahm, 2005). In other words, globalization is an extremely complicated interface of forces resulting to order and chaos, mutual aid and disagreement, and integration and breakdown. There are several globalization aspects that affect decision making within individual countries to a very large extent. The aspects include: culture, politics, immigration, global trade, the role played by multinational organizations through corporate social responsibility, among others (Jones, 2010). There are several types of globalization including, economic, socio-cultural and political globalization. All this forms greatly affects how countries make their own decisions, augmented by transnational organizations the process of globalization has greatly become undemocratic. Economic globalization has ensured intensiication of capital flows and global trade like never before. However, present global economic drifts indicate that financial and economic integration has progressed only in a restricted manner. Economic flows continue to be concerted among the richest nations; North America, East Asia and Europe (Brahm, 2005). As opposed to the belief that free global capital will bring homogenization, there is persistence in significant differences within compositions of economic life. This is even witnessed through multinational corporations, which are seen as major globalization agents, staying tied in important ways to their mother countries (Morales-Gmez, 2009). They have to base their development activities in their countries of operations on the wishes of their motherland. Global economy has been seen by critics as exploitation within itself as it gives more power to rich countries while neglecting the poor states. The rich determine what to purchase and their proffered costs, depriving of the poor nations rights to exercise their freedom of buying and selling willingly. According to Labonte Torgerson (2005), the political authority is also one aspect of globalization that has led to undemocratic events and misplaced decision making. One significant debate revolves around whether the nation-state remains out of date as the best political organizations form. Social and economic processes persistently cross borders resulting to increasing hardships for nations to control their territories, a core element of sovereignty. Regarding many current matters, the nation-state has lost its identity as the most suitable decision making level. Conflicts have surfaced concerning how to create international organizations extra accountable and democratic due to this fact of structures of governance being instituted at the global scale to handle intensifying number of global tribulations. Global governance has made it clear to many individuals that there is a transfer of real authority from sovereign states to non-state sectors and international organizations. This has generated questions as to how best they transformed to be more accountable democratically. Intergovernmental organizations have turned to be progressively more significant locations where there is contention concerning economic globalization. Additionally, there is uneven but growing effect on international organizations and nation-state from civil society groups. Non-governmental organizations maintain that they have a bigger say to monitor domination of the global north, corporate greed and national-self interest they identify to dictate most international organizations decision making. Talking of a civil society that is global also hides important distinctions among groups as to whether they are from the global North or South (Morales-Gmez, 2009). Considering the close relationship between technological innovation and globalization, research has attempted to illustrate how new and state-of-the art technologies will influence views of citizenship and democracy. Looking at on the surface, there is an impression that technologies will enable bigger availability of information letting the subjugated to rise up in opposition to authoritarian governments other than enabling the disadvantaged take part more equally in highly developed industrial democracies (Brahm, 2005). Contrary to this, right of entry to digital information is highly uneven even in the global North. Furthermore, using technology may bring about the risk demolishing social capital, seen by many as an important element of democracy. Proponents argue that democracy needs shared experiences and as we more and more get atomized by the internet, this will end. Actually the medias proliferation and the internet, throttles debate through enhancing the way we customize the received information to suit our interests hence easily allowing us to reject views opposing ours (reference needed?). Cultural globalization on the other hand has been enhanced through communication technologies and global media. Currently, virtually every individual on the globe is open to the elements to foreign practices and ideas. There are arguments that this is making individuals loose their national identities. Scores of people view cultural globalization as Americanization or Westernization. A significant distinction relating to current cultural globalization is its being greatly driven not by nations but by corporations (Labonte Torgerson, 2009). Due to this, one of the core fears is the broadening of consumer culture. Cultural globalization entails unequal powers processes that questions identities and traditions (Morales-Gmez, 2009).In cases of religious and ethnic groups feeling in danger due to globalization, a conflict may occur. It is surprising how this dissatisfaction has achievved renewed awareness as some look at modernity and globalization as a drive for Septembers 11 attacks. T his is due to the perception that cultural variations greatly oppose change and heightened interaction results to conflict. Since then, Islamic fundamentalism has gained growing attention. Others view the conflict as long historical outcome of Christian and Muslim civilization. Migration as an important aspect of migration has not only resulted to cultural and social effects but also economic effects. Transportation and communication technologies give migrants bigger chances to sustain links with their native lands. Highly open borders generate questions concerning identitys and citizenships notions. This has also increased the act of important national policies being handled by foreigners. According to Deepak (2002), It is so obvious that transnational corporation, supra-national organization such as the United Nations, global entities such as the World Bank and international monetary fund and global civil society such as NGOs and civil rights movement greatly affect how individual states carry out there affairs. Transnational corporations have been criticized in harboring various globalization processes in almost all third world countries (Jackie, 2002). According to Jackie (2002), as the transnational corporations are becoming more and more advance and multinational, they continue to influence and own more media organizations such that the decisions they came up with on the issue of globalization are not publicly discussed. In this time of globalization, it is very important that people are able to obtain information without any kind of resistance so as to obtain the required knowledge. It is very saddening that marginalized communities are unable to understand the motives of these multinational corporations and that of the various corporate which are led through globalizations. The fact that individuals are denied information is enough to declare that the corporations are undemocratic. The constant efforts by the transnational corporation to expand their activities at a very high rate call for an alarming call. This is due to the fact that their expansions mean that there will be low cost in production and flexibility of the developing countries therefore inhibiting the growth cause by globalization (Jackie 2002). This poses threat to developing countries since they greatly rely on globalization in the growth of their economy and in ensuring that the people living in this country enjoy a life free from poverty. Other than transnational corporation, the united nation agency which is an example of a supra-national organization has been in the forefront of making decisions regarding to globalization. United Nations agencies are well known for being part of challenges being faced by various government and other national legislatures. The fact that they are greatly engage in interests brought by globalization for developed countries to solve their own problems. Jackie (2002) describe that The European Union came up with the idea of eliminating export of agricultural produce. The international trade movement union welcomed the idea without having a clear understanding the impact which could be brought out by the implementation such an idea. The elimination of agricultural produces indicate that famers will not sale their products to other nations, this is very bad since there will be surplus of production in the nation causing food to rot in the stores which instead could have been sold to other nations .It is the duty of the united nation agencies to ensure that a fair globalization is practiced by all nations regardless of the size and strength of various nations (Jackie 2002). According to Jackie (2002), Marginalized people suffer from decision such as trade increase due to the fact that government of different nation reduce the number of workers, due to machines being produced that are known to perform more quantity and sometimes quality work compared to human beings, for example the use of computers has made work easier and more efficient (Deepak, 2002). This is very saddening since most of workers are found in trade industries; these workers will not be able to provide basic necessities to their families therefore, greater increase in the level of poverty (Deepak 2002). World trade organization (WTO) should be responsible in ensuring that its workers are protected other than making above decisions which will be offensive to the same workers. Globalization has made organizations such as WTO to formulate decision which will ensure that cheap labor is achieved other than ensuring that conditions of the people they are governing are improved through the pro vision of resources that arise due to the positive impacts of globalization. Buy custom The Term "Globalization" essay

Social Anxiety Disorder Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social Anxiety Disorder - Annotated Bibliography Example Social anxiety has a potential of mutating from the initial condition to social phobia which provides a complicated aspect in providing an appropriate treatment. The source establishes the negative consequences of social anxiety and the various aspects that lead to the manifestation of the condition. Consequently, the source puts into perspective the aggressive tendencies that worsen social anxiety. The source effectively discredits shyness to some extent and gives prominence to aggressiveness in causing social disorder. Social anxiety disorder has a number of challenges that are of economic and social nature. The source provides an understanding of the extent to which the disorder causes financial burdens and social disenfranchisement of the people affected. The source provides a discussion on the different issues that constitute social anxiety and the various assessment methods that are employed in correctly diagnosing the disorder. Moreover, the text elaborates on the extent to which social anxiety disorder is sometimes underdiagnosed and the appropriate treatment approaches employed. The marketing journal provides various perspectives that relate to the encounters individuals undergo when selling products. The journal explores the role of fear in causing anxiety in so far as marketing is

Gender and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gender and Sexuality - Essay Example The ability to emote with others, feelings of intimacy which have nothing with any impulse of pressure to procreate, and the freedom to express all facets of the mind, are factors which distinguish people as a distinct species and the highest and most evolved life form. Giving and receiving sexual pleasure is a complex trait and a highly evolved capability at the same time. It may or may not be associated with reproduction. Sexuality involves both the physical body, as well as the mind. It is strongly influenced by environmental circumstances. Imposed norms of society dominate notions of sexuality and its link with gender so strongly, that the two axes are inextricably mixed in most minds. A strong bias towards norms of heterosexuality is an overbearing outcome of these conventions. Such impositions are so ingrained in standards of childhood development that instances of misconceptions and denials of natural instincts abound. This document reviews published literature on the valid and assumed links between gender and sexuality, considers the implications and burdens of stereotypes, reviews ethnic and cultural differences in the acceptance of homosexuality, and concludes with suggestions for a liberal world in which individual freedom with respect to sexuality is respected and encouraged. While there are some historical references to homosexuality during ancient times, heterosexuality has dominated the social development throughout the ages. The practice of homosexuality has been entirely repressed at worst, and indulged in surreptitiously and treated as a form of abnormal behavior, not just for centuries, but even during the first half of the 20th century. The scientific study of homosexuality is of relatively recent origin with a rapid acceleration of original work in recent times (Gonsiorek, 1982). The United States has led the world in creating a kind of revolution in researching and understanding homosexual behavior, especially during the last decade. However, the volume of work available to date is still scanty, considering the complexity and social significance of the matter. Collections of findings, surveys, and theories are therefore especially valuable at this stage. This applies to surveys of sexual preferences as well (Oliver, & Hyde, 1993). Homosexuality may be more prevalent, especially in some degrees, far more often and widely than conservative influences have cared to admit. Family backgrounds and societal influences need to be understood to appreciate the sexuality of homosexuals (Ritter, and Terndrup, 2002). It is now appreciated in professional circles that conceptions of homosexuality as have prevailed in the past, may be in grave error. Such biases are self-propagating in powerful ways because they form the backdrop to the development of personalities by infants and by growing children as well. An individual may not express or even admit to homosexuality because of strong conditioning of the mind that it is morally wrong, and because of imposed notions that heterosexual feelings are the only legitimate and desirable form of human sexuality. International researchers (Asthana, and Oostvogels, 2001) have observed ethnic differences between people of the same sexual orientation, with respect to their sexual habits and preferences. Homosexual men in Southern India for example, experience intimacy in ways different from the typical Western stereotype that

Google's equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Google's equity - Essay Example Brand awareness measures the accessibility of the brand in the memory. Brand awareness can be measured through brand recall or brand recognition. Brand recognition reflects the ability of consumers to confirm prior exposure to the brand and recognizes that it is an â€Å"old† brand that they have been before and not a â€Å"new† brand that they are seeing for the first time. Brand image is defined as consumer perceptions of a brand and is measured as the brand associations held in consumer’s memory. Google has bagged a prominent place in the first 10 major brands in the world. It has dominated to expand in to software and video, mapping and web browsing its brand value had short up by 43%, from $17.8 billion to $25.59billion. (Top 100 Most Powerful Brand 08). Young and Rubicam developed a proprietary tool to measure brand asset value. It has four dimensions the four dimensions are (1) the brand’s perceived differentiation (2) its relevance (3) its knowledge and (4) its esteem To evaluate the four parameters brand knowledge, brand recognition, brand awareness and brand image an international market survey was conducted in ten major countries using internet. The population of the survey included students, teachers, educational institutions, industrial establishments, banking and insurance industry the sample questionnaire is enclosed the survey revealed that Google occupies 10Th place among the major brands in the world in all types of the commercial and industrial activities and first place in internet services. The four major parameters of brand audit is supplemented by brand positioning statement. â€Å"A brand positioning statement describes the "mental space" a brand should occupy in the minds of a target audience. It serves as an internal document which guides most of a companys marketing communications strategies, programs and

Instrumentation Control: Resistance Temperature Detectors

Instrumentation Control: Resistance Temperature Detectors Abstract Within manufacturing, process control is fundamental in order to routinely produce high quality parts. Process control is an engineering discipline which can be defined as maintaining the output of a specific process within a desired range. [1] Temperature regulation is omnipresent in the world we live, for example, every living creature has autonomous bodily functions to regulate temperature. Artificially, central heating systems work in the same way, the user sets the desired temperature and the system detects the current state and makes adjustments to the temperature. A resistance temperature detector (hereby referred to as an RTD) is a temperature sensor which exploits the basic principles of science to play a key role in process control. 1. Literature Review An RTD is a temperature sensor which contains a resistive element. As the elements temperature changes so does its value of electrical resistance. It is this predictable property which enables us to control the temperature of a chosen substance or environment. RTDs are well known for their accuracy, stability and repeatability. The electrical resistance related to the variation of temperature is given as the Callendar-Van Dusen equation: Within a basic RTD the change in resistance of the element is small in comparison to the change in temperature. Therefore a bridge circuit is used to allow the measuring of the voltage drop across the resistor when applying a small constant current. Once the sensing element (see figure 1, below) has been placed where the temperature needs to be monitored or controlled, it will reach thermal equilibrium with its environment. At that temperature, the element will exhibit a certain value of resistance, this resistance is calculated and converted into a temperature which is fed back to the end user. Any change to the temperature of the environment will be represented by the change in electrical resistance of the RTD. There are five different construction variants of RTD elements, these include: Carbon resistor elements- these elements are cheap and popular. At low temperatures these elements are at their most reliable and are highly reproducible. Another advantage is that carbon resistor elements often dont suffer from hysteresis. Strain free elements- used in SPRTs (the highest accuracy of all RTDs) and can work up to 961.78 °C. These elements consist of a wire coil surrounded by inert gas. Thin film elements- a very thin layer of resistive material is deposited onto a ceramic substratum and coated in epoxy. These elements are not as stable as wire-wound or coiled elements, and they are only effective over a small temperature range. However they are smaller and cheaper than the standard wire-wound elements. Wire-wound elements- have a greater accuracy over wider temperature ranges. They consist of a length of pure metal in the form of a wire, usually wrapped around a glass or ceramic core. The elements are usually very fragile, and therefore, need protecting with a sheath. The diameter of the coil minimises the strain on the element by compromising between mechanical stability and expansion of the material. Coiled elements- currently the technology of choice, replacing wire-wound elements. They consist of a stress free design which lets the coil expand and contract freely as the temperature changes. The housing is made from ceramic oxide and the coils are threaded through bores, which are packed with fine ceramic powder. These elements are effective up to 850 °C. The most common materials used as RTD elements are platinum, nickel, copper, balco and tungsten. Platinum is the most popular due to it being very repeatable and quite sensitive, balco and tungsten are very rarely used. Platinum, copper and nickel have temperature ranges of 650 °C, 300 °C and 120 °C respectively and exhibit strong linear properties over a wide range of temperature. (see figure 2, below). 2. PT100 Sensors The most common type of RTD used within industry is the PT100. This RTD has an element of pure platinum and has an electrical resistance of 100à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ at 0 °C, hence the name PT100. The resistance of a typical PT100 RTD changes at 0.39à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ per 1 °C. 2.1 Wiring Variations Two wire configuration: As the name suggests, this PT100 RTD uses two wires. However this configuration does include a possible source of error where the resistance of the connecting wires is added to the resistance of the sensor. Should a company or individual choose this configuration they can combat this source of error by mounting a temperature transmitter close to the element. This configuration is best used when high accuracy is not required. Three wire configuration: The three wire configuration is the most widely used minimises the effects of the lead resistances. The two leads to the sensor are on adjoining arms, in each arm there is a lead resistance which is cancelled out if the two lead resistances are accurately the same. Four wire configuration: The accuracy of the measurement of resistance is increased by using the four-wire configuration. Voltage drop in the measuring leads is eliminated using four-terminal sensing. 2.2 Properties of PT100 RTDs 2.2.1 Precision PT100 RTDs are extremely precise. A tolerance of  ±0.75 °C is applied up to 300 °C, for temperatures between 700 °C and 800 °C a tolerance of 1% is applied. 2.2.2 Stability A PT100 RTD has a long term stability of around  ±0.2% of the 0% value over a 1000 hour (one year span). This test was conducted in special ovens with air heated to 800 °C. This property is arguably the greatest property of an RTD. 2.2.3 Speed of Response Speed of response is measured by submerging the PT100 sensor in water or air moving at 1 m/s with a 63.2% step change (see figure x). Thermo-electra show that the response time for one of their PT100 sensors are as follows [5]: Resistance -element mineral insulated Resistance-element with protection tube and insert Diameter 3-6mm 9mm Insertion length 100-500mm 100-150mm Response time in water (s) 0.6-4 30 Response time in air (s) 26-55 140 3. References [1] B.R. Mehta, Y. Jaganmohan Reddy. (2014). Batch Automation Systems. In: B.R. Mehta, Y. Jaganmohan Reddy Industrial Process Automation Systems: Design and Implementation. -: Butterworth-Heinemann. 135. [2] Correge. (). Head- or cable type mineral insulated probes. Available: http://www.correge.fr/rtd-sensor-mineral-insulated.html. Last accessed 11th Dec 2016. [3] Various. (2016). Resistance Thermometer. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_thermometer. Last accessed 21/12/2016. [4] Acromag. (2011). CRITERIA FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR SELECTION OF T/C AND RTD SENSOR TYPES . Available: https://www.acromag.com/sites/default/files/RTD_Temperature_Measurement_917A.pdf. Last accessed 21/12/2016. [5] Thermo-electra. (-). Sensor Response Times. Available: http://www.thermo-electra.com/en/producten/technische-informatie/response-times. Last accessed 21/12/2016. [6] electrical4u. (2012). Resistance Temperature Detector or RTD | Construction and Working Principle. Available: http://www.electrical4u.com/resistance-temperature-detector-or-rtd-construction-and-working-principle/. Last accessed 22/12/2016.

Introduces her four major concerns illustrated in Silas Marner †Essay

Introduces her four major concerns illustrated in Silas Marner – namely village life. Within the very first paragraph on the book, Gorge Elliot introduces her four major concerns illustrated in Silas Marner – namely village life (of the late 18th century), superstition and belief, alienation and historical change (in this case specifically that caused by industrial revolution and the ending of the Napoleonic Wars). These concerns are closely woven together in the story (and in some cases real life) as can once again be seen in this opening two paragraphs and often can be looked at in relation to one another. Village life was probably Gorge Elliot’s primary focus when writing the novel and her anthropological investigations provide us with a fair deal of insight into it throughout the novel. The village of Raveloe is the setting for the majority of the story. The third line, while not introducing us to it per se, introduces us to the general idea of villages resembling it. It is said to be â€Å"far away among the lanes or deep in the bosom of the hills†. This is an important introduction, physically and psychologically distancing Victorian readers from Raveloe and making it seem totally different from the world they live in. In many ways, this difference is very real. Raveloe is still untouched by the effects of the industrial revolution that created the town Elliot’s readers are familiar with. It is Elliot’s objective to provide a comparison between Raveloe and such towns – represented in the novel by Lantern Yard. The opening paragraph also describes the villagers. They are described as â€Å"untraveled† and are very much uneducated. Knowledge to them is something suspicious, most likely due to the fact h... ...example of this would have to be the sentence â€Å"how was a man to be explained unless you at least knew somebody who knew his father or mother?† The point is that this is most certainly not true as a complete stranger new not be a dangerous or dishonest person. In this way Elliot lightly pokes fun at the attitudes of the villagers. Thus, it can be seen that within the opening two paragraphs, Elliot sets up the foundations of the primary concerns in this book. While, it is quite obviously not possible to go into anything resembling detail regarding any one of them, the paragraphs provide a platform upon which build up upon. The attitude and tone of the narrator, while not obviously apparent, can also be felt here. This opening basically serves as a generalization to which the life of Silas Marner, as detailed in the rest of the novel, is a specific example.

Exam practice question and answer Essay

Marketing can be defined as an organization function and a set of process foe creating, communicating and delivering value to the customer and for managing customer relationship in a way that it benefits the organization and its stakeholders. In order to understand the marketplace and customer needs and wants, marketers need to identify the needs of the consumer, which is defined as the state of felt deprivation, such as hunger and self-actualization needs. Next, it advanced into wants, which is defined as the form of human need that is shaped by culture and individual personality. To satisfy ones hunger, they may opt to eat either rice or noodles depending on their preference. Demand, the human wants that are backed by buying power indicates a person’s financial ability to buy their wants. Organizations need to identify its microenvironment and macroenvironment to identify forces or actors in the business environment that can have effect on the organization’s marketing and business activities. Microenvironment of a company is made up of the company itself, its competitors, the suppliers, customers, marketing intermediaries and the publics. The publics are those people or organization that affect the operations of the organization. There are seven publics in total, which is made up of financial publics, media publics, citizen-action publics, government publics, local publics, general publics and internal publics that affects the marketing operation of an organization. Financial publics are banks and insurance companies that affect the company success in obtaining loan. Macroenvironment is the larger societal force that affects the whole environment. In an organizations macroenvironment, it consist of demographic environment, economic environment, natural environment, technological environment, political environment and cultural environment. Demographic environment is mainly made up of the changing age structure in the population, the changing family, geographical shift in population, better educated and white collar population and increased in ethnic diversity. A changing age structure means that as a person’s age grows, their needs and wants for a certain product will change according to their life cycle. After identifying the environment, marketers will undergo marketing research process. The first step of marketing research process is to define the problem and research objectives, which contains of exploratory, descriptive and causal research objectives. Next, the process will be continued by the development of the research plan from secondary source and primary source. Then it will decide on the research approaches it will utilize whether it is observational, experimental, ethnographic or survey type of research. Then, it researcher will decide on the contact method through mail, telephone, personal and group interviews or online marketing research. Then it will proceed to sampling plan and research instruments like mechanical devices and questionnaire. The processes are completed by implementing the plan and report it to the management. After research, marketers need to identify the factors that influence a consumers purchasing behavior. The factors that determine the buyer decision are personal factors, social factors, psychological factors and cultural factors. Social factors consist of age and life cycle, reference groups and roles and status in the society. For example, according to the age and life cycle of everyone, the needs and wants of an individual differs as their age grows, an old man require a walking stick. In buying a product, consumer may display one of the four buying behavior, which consist of complex buying behavior, dissonance-reducing buying behavior, habitual buying behavior and variety-seeking buying behavior depending on the involvement and the perceived brand difference from the consumers. In buying an item, consumers may go through stages such as problem recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post-purchase behavior. Then, marketers will move on to the next step of the marketing process of designing customer-driven marketing strategy. To create a marketing strategy, marketers need to identify the segments in a particular market. A market is a set of potential and actual buyers of a product. Market segmentation can be divided into four variables, which consist of geographical, demographic, psychographic and behaviorial. But then, there are some criteria in assessing the effectiveness of the segmentation by looking into the measurable, accessible, substantial, differentiable and actionable in the segmented groups. After segmentation, marketers will proceed to market targeting, defined by evaluating segment attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. In evaluating market segments, marketers need to look into the segment size and growth, the structural attractiveness of the segment and the company’s objectives and resources. The companies can decide to use a range of market-coverage strategies such as differentiated marketing, undifferentiated marketing, concentrated marketing or micromarketing depending on the product they offers. After targeting, the company can differentiate their offering by giving superior value from several aspects, product, service, image or personnel differentiation. Customer value is the difference between the benefits gain from using and owning a product and cost of obtaining it. Thus consumer tend to purchase what they perceived as the highest value. Marketer will make their offering superior than of competitors by offer more value in its current offering to justify high price or lower price to compensate for low perceived value. Organizations need to have its own marketing offering in order to deliver value to customers. Marketing offering is a combination of product, service, information and experience that is offered to a market to satisfy a need or wants. Product is anything that can be offered into a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a need of wants. Products are classified into three different levels, which consist of core products, actual product and augmented products. Next, marketer will determine whether the product falls into the different categories of the consumer markets such as convenience goods, shopping goods, specialty goods and unsought goods. Or if it is industrial goods, the category of materials and parts, capital items and supplies and services. In service, its characteristic is intangible, inseparable, perishable and variable. Price is sum of value that the customer exchanges for the benefits from using or having a product or services. The internal factors that affect pricing are the marketing objectives, the marketing mix strategy, cost and organizational consideration while the external factors are market and demand, competitors price and offer and other factors such as economic conditions and government regulations. Some of the approaches in pricing are cost-based pricing, value-based pricing and competition-based pricing and price skimming and penetration for new innovative products. Promotion is an act that persuades the publics about the products or brands merits. In influencing the consumers to buy its products, marketers can utilize integrated marketing communication tools such as advertising, direct marketing, personal selling, sales promotion and public relation. For example, marketer can use sales promotion in the form of tools such as coupons, rebates and discounts that act as sort-term incentives to build add-in value to encourage people to buy it products. The next tool is place where it describes how the product is made available to customer. Marketer can examine the number of marketing intermediaries where it consists of intensive distribution, exclusive distribution and selective distribution. For example, the goods that run on intensive distributions are normally fast moving consumer goods that are stocked in as many outlets as possible. It is available anywhere and anytime. Process involves the process that is part of the service. For example, if a car owner who experience poor customer service during one of his regular service, then he or she will not recommend the company to others and is less likely to rebuy the brand. People in an organization determine the success of the organization’s process in delivering superior value and satisfaction. Example, a lack-trained employee may mislead a customer into buying the wrong needs. Physical evidence is the quality of services in physical feature the customer can see, such as brochures and facilities. Without the presence of lecture halls, one could doubt the presence of the university whether it is a place for academic learning. In building profitable customer relationship, one must look into the customer satisfaction, which is defined as customer evaluation of the product or service feature, or the product or service itself. Customer satisfaction prompt repeat purchase thus is important. Satisfaction is influenced by the customer’s past buying experience from the company or its competitors, the information given and promises by the company or its competitors and what the customer thinks of a fair value in the price they paid. Feedbacks, mystery shoppers and exit interviews set a platform to improve the customer satisfaction which then strengthens the bond between the company and the customer thus leading to higher customer loyalty. After accessing satisfaction, marketers need to concern by building and maintaining profitable customer relationship by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction. Retaining current customer relationship is cheaper than to attract new customer. In retaining customers, marketers can implement club and frequency marketing program to strengthen bonds with the customers. By building strong customer relationship, a company can capture value from customer in the form of loyalty, profits and the spread of word of mouth from them. When the company produces superior value to the customers, most likely it will generate high customer satisfaction. High satisfaction lead building long lasting relationship with the customer gaining the loyalty of these customers in a long period, profits will eventually grow. Companies aim to achieve lifetime customer value, share of customer and customer equity from the customers.. All in all, by creating, delivering superior value and developing a strong customer profitable relationship, one can achieve returns like profits and sales, a monetary return and brand loyalty from the loyal customers. Q3. The six forces in an organization’s macroenvironment is cultural environment, political environment, economic environment, technological environment, demographic environment and natural environment. Demographic environment is based on the utility of demography, which is defined as the study of human population in terms of size, religion, occupation, age, sex and education. The changing age structure of the population is one of the factors that affect the macroenvironment. People of different age have different wants and needs and will continue to change as their age varies. The increase in aging population because of low birth rates and higher life expectancy has change the demand for certain products in the market. For example, youths wants products that match their lifestyle of cool and adventurous like game consoles, skateboards and smartphones while those baby boomers typically in their 50s now wants products like vacation, massage chair and antique vase. Geographical shift in population is also one of the factors. It can be categorized into movement between states, movement from rural to urban areas and movement from city to suburbs and back again. For example, the need for air-conditioning is more likely to be in demand in the Northern Territory, which is very hot than the demand in Sydney, which is cooling. A better-educated and more white-collar population has trigger the demand for formal attires such as a suit and corporate skirt. Next, an increasing of ethnic diversity in Malaysia has trigger the rising demand for wasabi and rice from the Japanese population that migrated to Malaysia. Every group of people has their specific wants depending on their attitude, behavior and buying habits too. Q6. Consumer product is made up of convenience products, shopping products, specialty products and unsought products. Convenience products are consumer products and services that the customer usually buys frequently, immediately and with minimum comparison and buying effort. It can be relate to habitual buying behavior too when the purchase of a product is made without much consideration and it is cheap despite widely available. Examples are washing powder and broom. Shopping products are less frequently purchased consumer products and services that customers compare carefully on suitability, price, quality and style. Consumers spend considerable amount of time and effort to access information about the products. It is classified as in complex buying behavior. Examples are television and laptops. Specialty products are consumer products and services with unique characteristics or brand identification for which a significant group of buyers is willing to make a special purchase purpose. It is classified under the buying behavior of complex buying behavior and dissonance reducing buying behavior. This kind of product is purchase without much comparison with other brands. Examples are a Gucci handbag and a luxury car. Unsought goods are consumer products and services that the consumers either doesn’t know about it or knows but do not consider buying it. These products need intensive marketing such as promotions and advertising. Examples are funeral services and life insurance.

Segmentation criteria for 2 products bottled water and breakfast cereal.

Segmentation criteria for 2 products bottled water and breakfast cereal. Marketing. ¢Ã‚€Â ¢Segmentation criteria for 2 products bottled water and breakfast cereal.Marketers segment markets because it helps them to match their products better to their customers, as every customer is different (age, sex, etc.) and has differing needs and wants dividing the market into segments helps the marketer focus on these subgroups leading to a 'target market'.This target market can then be selected and a marketing mix can be made especially for them. This can save a business time and money as it can be planned well as it is aimed straight at potential customers. Also a greater understanding of who these customers are and what their needs are can enable the business to gain a competitive advantage.This is different from undifferentiated marketing where one marketing mix is made for the whole market (mass marketing). (Brassington Pettitt, 2006).Consumer markets can be segmented in a few ways to group together customers with similar characteristics and needs.Englis h: Images of bottled waterMore than one segmentation variable can be used (multivariable segmentation.). ¢Ã‚€Â ¢Geographic location - This is based on that certain characteristics of people are assumed to be similar within certain countries and regions i.e. religion / culture. They will be affected by the same climate, may have similar income and influenced by the natural geography of the area and country. ¢Ã‚€Â ¢Demographically - This is based on the different characteristics found within the population. Age (e.g. clothing) and gender (e.g. beauty products). Family size (e.g. size of products) and Ethnic background (e.g. food). Life cycle stage (e.g. types of holidays, Saga /Club18-30). ¢Ã‚€Â ¢Psychographic and Behavioural - This is based on what people think and how this affects how they want to live their lives.Social class, this can be divided by social stratification showing differences in purchasing power and patterns of behaviour.

Free Essays on War Of 1812

Perhaps I’m being idealistic about the motivations of our early political leaders but I do think that the primary reason behind the war of 1812 were patriotism and honor. The way Madison justified the war, in his war message 1 June 1812, was by highlighting the British aggression on the seas; primarily impressments, British cruisers hovering near ports, blockades and the orders-in-council. The Americans also believed the Brits guilty of inciting Indian uprisings. The United States attempted to avoid engaging in this European conflict through peaceable negotiations and economic coercion. But they could not ignore obvious British disrespect for their sovereignty. The British impressed thousands of sailors from American ships and obviously did think American retaliation to be a real threat. â€Å"No nation mindful of its diplomatic fences would have kidnapped 3,800 neutral aliens of one nationality.†(Smelser 224). England forced the United States to choose between submission and war. They treated American grievances like internal problems, again not respecting the sovereignty they had fought to earn. The decision to declare war was not made lightly. Madison was not a war monger like Napoleon, but honor compelled him to act, as well as the desire to not see America reduced to a British protectorate. Madison believed he was protecting what he called, â€Å"the last and fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature.†, what we might call the American way of life. The American decision to go to war with England but not France is further evidence that honor and patriotism were the guiding reasons behind entering the war. It would have foolish to enter a war with the whole of Europe, which engaging both countries would surely do, but there were ample grievances against both (Coles). Henry Clay justified the decision to proceed with war against Britain but not France by saying, â€Å"As to France we have no complaint†¦ but of th... Free Essays on War Of 1812 Free Essays on War Of 1812 Perhaps I’m being idealistic about the motivations of our early political leaders but I do think that the primary reason behind the war of 1812 were patriotism and honor. The way Madison justified the war, in his war message 1 June 1812, was by highlighting the British aggression on the seas; primarily impressments, British cruisers hovering near ports, blockades and the orders-in-council. The Americans also believed the Brits guilty of inciting Indian uprisings. The United States attempted to avoid engaging in this European conflict through peaceable negotiations and economic coercion. But they could not ignore obvious British disrespect for their sovereignty. The British impressed thousands of sailors from American ships and obviously did think American retaliation to be a real threat. â€Å"No nation mindful of its diplomatic fences would have kidnapped 3,800 neutral aliens of one nationality.†(Smelser 224). England forced the United States to choose between submission and war. They treated American grievances like internal problems, again not respecting the sovereignty they had fought to earn. The decision to declare war was not made lightly. Madison was not a war monger like Napoleon, but honor compelled him to act, as well as the desire to not see America reduced to a British protectorate. Madison believed he was protecting what he called, â€Å"the last and fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature.†, what we might call the American way of life. The American decision to go to war with England but not France is further evidence that honor and patriotism were the guiding reasons behind entering the war. It would have foolish to enter a war with the whole of Europe, which engaging both countries would surely do, but there were ample grievances against both (Coles). Henry Clay justified the decision to proceed with war against Britain but not France by saying, â€Å"As to France we have no complaint†¦ but of th...

Financial management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Financial management - Assignment Example The completion of the acquisition marks the first step in bringing these two organizations together as one team (Microsoft, 2014). Where do Nokia and Microsoft go from here? Since the deal was first announced last September, it was evident that this was a win-win situation for both sides. Nokia can get on with growing its solutions and networks division without the albatross of its money-losing mobile phone unit around its neck (fool.com, 2014). For Microsoft, a late transition to  the 21st  century will be realized in the next couple of days. Its about time. The completion of the Nokia Devices and Services business acquisition April 25 will enable Microsoft to accelerate its share of smart phones and feature phones in developed and emerging markets, and increase its role as a devices and services company. (Local news now, 2014). Microsoft will target the affordable mobile devices market, a $50 billion annual opportunity, delivering the first mobile experience to the next billion people while introducing Microsoft services to new customers around the world (Microsoft, 2014).   Microsoft will continue to deliver new value and opportunity, and it will work closely with a range of hardware partners, developers, operators, distributors and retailers, providing platforms, tools, applications and services that enable them to make exceptional devices. With a deeper understanding of hardware and software working as one, the company will strengthen and grow demand for Windows devices overall (marketwatch, 2014). Industry watchers thought it was a "win-win solution" for both of the enterprises. "Microsoft has always been trying to expand its mobile Internet market, and Nokia, whose manufacturing technology for handsets is advanced, urgently needs to look for a savior," Cao Yujie, director of consultants for IT market research agency CCW Research, told the Global Times. Forgoing the

Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper Research

Current Ethical Issue in Business - Research Paper Example When Merrill Lynch put bad mortgages in hedge funds than sold them for a year with the promise of a return, the logic was the investors knew the risk. Lita Epstein (2007) explains: Merrill investors had no idea how bad its situation was until it finally came clean about its losses and took a $7.9 billion write-down on these risky securities, one of Wall Streets largest write-downs ever, plus another $463 million write-down of deal-related lending commitments for a total of $8.4 billion. (Epstein 2007). The result of Merrill Lynch and other hedge fund managers was Congress stepping in with new legislation. This means stricter laws and taxes in the United States and Europe. Merrill Lynch did not learn from their mistakes. Instead of operating in the United States and Europe, â€Å"Bank of America Merrill Lynch is helping to establish more than a dozen hedge funds in Asia as industry regulation grows tougher in America and Europe† (Cooper 2010). Clearly this suggests that Merrill Lynch cares more about a profit than the investor. The ground rules that manifested this situation were greed, deception, irresponsible borrowing, and portfolio importance. The hedge funds were there to make money by taking risks. The deception of transferring bad mortgages to the hedge fund created the situation. Irresponsible borrowing, a hedge fund can borrow up to thirty percent over their assets, led to defaulted mortgages. Finally the annual financial report had to meet certain goals to be acceptable to stockholders. The truth never had a chance. Merrill Lynch was guilty of defrauding their stockholders. Although after taking the write down no penalties were given, Merrill Lynch should have learned about the right way to run a hedge fund. The fact that Merrill Lynch wants to operate in Asia should make investors run. This company puts money and success over ethics and investors. This case scenario is not a good example of ethics. Investor should not trust their pennies, much